Skip to main content. Module 7: Cell Communication. Search for:. Why It Matters: Cell Communication Why identify the main components of a signal transduction pathway? Learning Outcomes Differentiate between different types of signals Describe how a cell propagates a signal Describe how a cell responds to a signal Discuss the process of signaling in single-celled organisms.
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Paolicelli, R. Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Bioelectric regulation of innate immune system function in regenerating and intact Xenopus laevis. Park, S. Cells communicate by sending and receiving signals. Signals may come from the environment, or they may come from other cells.
In order to trigger a response, these signals must be transmitted across the cell membrane. Sometimes the signal itself can cross the membrane.
Other times the signal works by interacting with receptor proteins that contact both the outside and inside of the cell. In this case, only cells that have the correct receptors on their surfaces will respond to the signal. Many signals are transmitted into a cell by first binding to a receptor protein.
Here a signal yellow activates a receptor orange by causing it to change shape, thereby passing information into the cell. Multiple cell types can then join together to form tissues such as muscle, blood, and brain tissue. In single-celled organisms, signaling allows populations of cells to coordinate with one another and work like a team to accomplish tasks no single cell could carry out on its own.
The study of cell signaling touches multiple biological disciplines, such as developmental biology, neurobiology, and endocrinology. Consequently, the relevance of cell communication is quite vast, but major areas of fundamental research are often divided between the study of signals at the cell membrane and the study of signals within and between intracellular compartments.
Membrane signaling involves proteins shaped into receptors embedded in the cell's membrane that biophysically connect the triggers in the external environment to the ongoing dynamic chemistry inside a cell. Signaling at the membrane also involves ion channels , which allow the direct passage of molecules between external and internal compartments of the cell.
Scientists ask: What is the receptor structure that enables it to react to an external signal such as a ligand or even a mechanical force? Others ask: Once triggered, how is the signal processed inside the cell? Cells have evolved a variety of signaling mechanisms to accomplish the transmission of important biological information. Some examples of this variety are receptors that allow ion currents to flow in response to photons, which effectively translates light into chemical messengers inside the cone and rod cells of the retina; growth factors that interact with the cell membrane and can trigger receptors that powerfully affect chromatin structure and the modulation of gene expression ; metabolites in the blood that can trigger a cell's receptors to cause the release of a hormone needed for glucose regulation ; adhesion receptors that can convey tension-generated forces that direct a cell to stay put or change direction of movement; and developmentally regulated receptors that can strictly guide the path of a migrating cell , ultimately controlling how an entire organism is wired together.
How do scientists go about studying such an intricate meshwork of interactions at the crossroads of chemistry, physics, and biology?
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